//  'ashington  Flowers 

Memorial  Collect ion 

DUKE  1MVI  RSITY  LIBRARY 


hushed  by  Tiir. 

FAMILY  Or 

COLON]  i    FLOW]  U 


■'-Wt  F 


\ 


DIALOGUES 


UPON 


FREE    TRADE 


AND 


DIRECT    TAXATION. 


v^^tt^T, 


A  TLA  NT  A: 
PRINTED    Ai     tin:    INTELLIGENi  EH    OWN  i 

I  OH       I  m        A  I    I  1 1  <  *  •  : 

1801. 


/ 


DIALOGUES  UPON  FREE  TRADE 


Brhvmi  A,  a  Merchant;  1$.  a  Planter;  (',  n  Politician  in  Office;  and  I),  a  Parmer. 


DIALOGUE    I. 

C.  I  understand  B  that  you  arc  in  tavor 
of  Free  Trade. 

B.  You  are  correctly  informed,  [believe 
God  made  this  world  for  Free  Trade,  or  he 

would  have  made  every  part  of  it  capable 
ol  supplying  all  the  wants  and  satisfying  all 
the  desires  of  all  its  people,  that  each  tribe 
of  barbarians  might  exist  in  Bavage  inde- 
pendence of  every  other. 
c.  If  God  intended  the  world   for  Free 

Trade,  the  world  and  all  the  nations    ol  the 
world  have  heen  a  long  time  finding  it  out. 

B.  Not  much  longer,  considering  the  age 
of  the  world  and  its  probable  duration,  than 
they  were  in  finding  out  thai  the  earth  re- 
volved around  the  sun.  Not  much  longer 
than  it  took  them  to  discover  the  power  of 
steam,  or  how  to  transmit  intelligence  upon 
a  streak  ot  lightning;  and  no  one's  interest 
WRS  opposed  to  those  discoveries. 

C.  True;  and  I  admit  the  novelty  of  a 
discovery  is  the  weakest  argument  against 
it.  If,  however,  you  adopt  Free  Trade,  yotl 
will  have  to  shoulder  Direct,  Taxes,  ami  I 
rather  think  tint  will  drag  heavily. 

B.  Not  at  nil.  If  you  had  heard  all  when 
you  heard  I  favored  Free  Trade,  you  would 
have  heard  I  coupled  Direct  Taxes  with  it. 
We  believe  that  a  system  of  Taxation  by 
which  each  person  will  be  required  to  pay 
to  support  the  government  that  protects  him 
and  his  property,  in  proportion  to  his  abili- 
ty, is  fair,  equal  and  just;  and  that  it  is  the 
only  fair,  equal  and  just  way,  and  that  no 
honest  man  will  wish  to  throw  his  share  off 
his  own  shoulders  on  some  one  else;  but 
you  say  /  trill  hurt-  to  shoulder  Direct  Taxes. 
I  believe  you  call  yourself  a  Democrat. — 
What  system  o|  Taxation  are  you  in  favor 
of?  I  know  but  two  — Free  Trade  and  Di- 
rect Taxes,  or  a  restricted  Trade  with  a  tar- 
iff.    Which  are  you  in  favor  of? 

<'.   I  am  in    favor   of   a   Tariff   just    high 
enough  to  defray  the  expenses  of  an   i 
Domical  government— a  Tariff  for  revenue 
only. 

B.  Then  yon  arc  a  Tariff  man.     N 
me,  do  you  call  the  Tariff  that  was  in   lone 
in  1858  a  protectiveTaiifforaTariff  forrev- 
nuconly?     I  know,  Mr.  Walker  intcn 
for  a  revenue  tariff,   but    the   Democi 


Pennsylvania  and  New  York  demanded 
protection  lor  their  Iron  and  Salt  works,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  comply.  What  was  it. 
from  18.*>n  to  1857  when  it  was  producing 
18  and  20  millions  more  than  the  govern- 
ment wanted?  Was  it  not  then  a  protec- 
tive Tariff? 

0.  I  believe  T  shall  have  to  admit,  that  in- 
asmuch as  it  produced  more  money  than  the 
government  needed,  it  became  a  protective 
Tariff. 

/>'.  The  Democratic  parly  has  been  in 
power  all  that,  lime,  ami  you  in  Congress 
most  of  the  time  as  a  prominent  Democratic 
member.  What  attempt  or  proposition  did 
you  make  to  reduce  the  Tariff  to  the  neces- 
sities of  an  economical  administration?  Tt 
you  made  any,  tell  me,  on  what  page  of  the 
Congressional  Globe  I  can  find  it. 

0.  T  made  no  proposition.  l<t.  Because 
I  knew  it  could  not  be  done.  2d,  Because  I 
knew  our  Northern  Democratic  friends 
would  not  bear  it,  and  it  would  rtistntrt  the 
party. 

B.  Do  you  mean  to  say  our  Northern 
Democratic  friends  are  protective  Tariff  w<:"< 
and  will  harmonize  with  ns  only  on  the  con- 
dition that  we  will  surrender  our  interest, 
our  equality,  and  our  rights  in  the  Union  to 
their  avarice,  rapacity  and  domination— that 
the  Democrats  North  will  refuse  to  act  with 
Democrats  South  unless  we  submit  to  pay 
a  tribute  o(  80  or  100  millions  annually  in 
the  shape  of  a  protective  tariff,  to  the  enor- 
mous depreciation  of  Our  cotton,  as  the  price 
of  their  alliance,  ami  that  Democrats  South 
have  agreed  to  it?  If  -o,  I  call  them  mer- 
cenary hirelings  and  not  true  friends  our- 
selves, slaves. 

< '.  I  cannot  admit  all  (hat,  but  I  do  \»- 
li'  \  i  a  Free  Trade  will  dismember  and  over- 
throw the  Democratic  party,  and  for  thai 
reason  I  am  opposed  to  it. 

/.'.  [n  plain  English,  the  party  mighl  lose 
power  and  the  party  teadert  look  in  vain  fbr 
irysships,  \ 

idencies,  and  surrender  all  share  of  the 
spoil-,  and  you  might  have  to  return  to  ihe 
•  of  the  law.  Do  tell  me  ;  w.T-  that 
Ihe  Object  of  the  Democratic  party  ot  I 
gia  in  1855,  fl  know  you  know,)  when  they 
surrendered    all  the  opposition  to  a    ] 


C«2L"MA^. 


IK   ^ 

• 

/;   ! 

i 

round 
it    lli** 

K)   mil- 

i 

■ 

-    the 

" 

rnmcnl 

M  |  Mi.it  til  mil 

tli:it  much  by  I 
rilF   he   would 
worth 

noil    tli. m 

*     

only  } 

There 

III     laimlii 
.'.  Ith  familit  <  "in 

iinounl 
.•I  |100,  and  tli.  n  tli'ir 

up  ii 
'Xi  |ntn  I  hi  a  In-  li 

from  ;  Ihe  unjuat  larifl  "I  nn  tin 

m  i.rth  Ml  million*  between  them, 

ami  ll  M  >'"!    i' 

up  n    l'i    |>:i\     lip  ir    l.iv  I, 

:      lip  n 

1 

.  tin  pulilii  lands  i"  :  ulatora 

be  bad  Ui  |iul  bin  hand 

■ 

Would  think  tw 

woold  ich  ■  ■qnandcring  "i 

md  the  public  land. 

l    i  ii .'. a  baud  thai  yoaj  >'iir  of 

-  lhc  price  t«i  tin-  oonanmer 

M-  percent;  bow  do  you  make  thai  out ! 

Ii.  The  bnporter  lays  down  in  New  York 


:  \\  hich  he   p  i 
I  tariff,  which  makes  the  goo  .-   >  uel 
liim  $180 .  i  lhc   Jobber  l<»  pt  r 

cent — $18- — which  makes  the  g U  coat  him 

||  18.     He  charges  the  retailer 
i  |l-l.:tO — a  hich  makes  llie  _•• 

s  the 

Now 

\  ill  run   the    $ KKI    worth 

imc  profits 

i  per  i  •  i't   tariff,  you 

-iiner    will    pet    lliein    for 

than   with  the 

tariff. 

!>    Don't  we  ■;'  t  ui""'  for  our  product    lo 
be  t.nill '? 

• 
■  ;-  iff.     l  think,  very 
ranch  more,  but  I  can  prove  thai  much   as 
• 

ntd  ouriniirket  with 
•  mr  cotton,  on  which 

30.pt  i  cenl 

■  '■  1  and  silver,  which  I 

contend  h  <  tpi  il  '  Ivea  Uie 

i.  ;.:    "ii   19  is 

.  which  makes  the  cotton  coat   the 

Burop  ler  and    I 

to  tip  ni.     Now  the  manufacturer 

iso  he  be- 
-■•  it  ml  make  a   Fair   profit 

.hi  tip-  a. '-  I"  '"  ikea  "i  it,  and  if  tin 

nniip  ni  would  ht  him  alone  ho  would  give 

|y  and  as  willingly  aa 

,  the  planter  12  and  the  government 

i  pound  li  jf  I  per  hundred 

ba  clear   I"--   t"   the 

100  I'—  i"  the  ("tt'»n  State* 

■  our  goods  low, 

nduslrioua  man  would  gel  rich    in    a 

nl  the  whole  Suiilh  WOUid  llon- 

ii-h  liki    l  well  cultivated  garden. 

\      i  now  I       land    laxea  u-  and  WSJ 

ought  '    :  >\  bor. 

in  lv  mislaki  n  in  two  par- 
ticul 

not   tax '  cotton.— 

.'n. l    l  .nip'i  i;i\  u>  and  we  cannot 

l:l\  ||i-t  I  111(1  .(Mi  lllpletl  to  IllX  II-  W  lull 

■a  e  were  col<  thir  fnlhei -  resi  led,  and 

that  brought  on  the  war  of  independence ;  I 

mean  England  laxea 

I  we   ought   to    lax   I 

Yon  m  ' hat  although   restrict- 

tally    injure  all  who 

cm  and  thereby  lessen   the  value  oC 

nn  r    pays    the    tariff 

.t ml   profit    "ii  ii.     When  our  government 

ot  :;n  |i  r  cent  on  BUgar,  the 

man  a  h"  uat  -  a  dollars  worth  of  it  pays  not 

more  than  00  cents  for  the  BUgar,  and  at 

■  •  on  in  count  of  the  tariff,     li  the 

-.eminent  lays  a  tariff  Of  88  cents 

&  bushel  on  our  grain,  the  poor  Englishman 
w  h"  eats  il,,-  |, i,  ;i,i  pays  the  tariff    Suppose 


J*+J   ^J  r     t^j      / 


[5  ] 


however  the  thing  could  be  done,  lei  as  Bee 
how  it  will  work.  You  lake  100  bags  <>f 
cotton  to  England  ami  sell  tbem  for  $10,000; 
England  charges  you  2,500  tariff;  you  come 
home  and  complain  to  our  government  and 
say,  Queen  Victoria  charged  me  35  percent, 
for  Felling  onr  produce  in  her  market,  you 
ought  to  retaliate  on  her.  Right,  says  our 
government.  What  did  you  bring  back 
home?you  answer,  English  goods.  Well, 
says  <>ur  government,  pay  our  collector 
$'2.*i00  for  leave  to  sell  them  and  we  will  i>e 
even  with  Queen  Victoria.  How  will  it  be 
with  you  Mr.  A,  will  thai  sort  of  retaliation 
benefit  you  ? 

A.  No,  certainly. 

B.  Nor  will  it  benefit  any  person  or  any 
nation. 

A.  Suppose  we  open  our  ports  and  let  all 
the  world  bring  in  what  they  please  duty 
tree,  and  the  oilier  nations  keep  up  the  tax 
or  t  a  rill',  won't   they   get    the    advantage  of 

B.  On  the  contrary,  we  will  get  the  ad- 
vantage of  tbem.    The  fact  is,  free  trade  is 

an  improvement  in  commercial  and  politi- 
cal economy;  1  believe  1  might  say  a  dis- 
covery, and  that  people  thai  adopt  i!  lirst 
will  reap  the  greatest  benefit.  Again  I  say 
let  us  see  how  it  will  work.  An  old  man 
owns  a  very  largcand  valuable  water  power 

Which  he  left  to  his  three  sons  A.  B.  and  ('. 
They  not  agreeing  to  improve  it,  each  man 
builds  his  own  mill  and  each  makes  a  good 
road  to  his  mill  to  draw  custom.  A.  puts 
up  a  toll  irate  on  his  road  and  demands  1 
Cents  a  bushel  for  all  grain  hauled  over  it; 
B.  does  the  same;  ('.  on  the  contrary,  lets  all 

the  grain  into  his  mill  tariff  tree;  now  don't 
you  know  as  long  as  C.  can  turn  a  Btone  A. 
an  1  B.  will  gel  no  grain  to  grind?    So  Eng 

land  hasMo  buy  main  to  feed  her  people  and 
she  buys  il  from  Poland  and  the  United 
Slate-;,  now  if  Poland  tariff*  her  goods  al 
:::;  per  rent  and  the  United  States  lets  them 
in  tariff  free,  don't  you  see  (other  things  be- 
ing equal)  England  will  buy  no  grain  from 
Poland  as  long  as  she  can  gel  of  us?  .Just 
so  with  everything  else.  II  wcopen  our  ports 
to  (Vec  trade  and  other  nations  keep  the  tar- 
iff they  will  each  of  them  trade  with  us  in 
preference  to  any  body  else  and  we  will  in  a 
short  time  become  the  greatest  commercial 
nation  in  the  world.  This  tariff  system  of 
taxation  was  go!  by  Avarice  on  that  noted 
Courtezan  Dishonesty,  and  trained  and  run 
ever  since  by  Roguery  and  Fraud.  Eng 
land  (1  think  ii  was)  commenced  it,  in  the 
vain  hope  thai  she  could  compel  other  na- 
tions to  support  her  government  and  other 
Roola  followed  lur  example  It  was  soon 
found  that  it  could    not    be   done,  (and  well 

tor  the  Buffering  millions  it  could'nt  i  but  the 
experiment  taught  them  one  thing,  that  it 
wm  a  most  beautiful  sysu  m  devised  for  the 
crafty  rich  to  compel  the  simple  poor  to 
hear  an  undue  portion  of  the  burthens  "I  tin 


government  and  pay  them  exorbitant 
wages  and  profits  for  the  cheating  and  de- 
ceiving the  said  simple  poor.  That  is  the 
Chiet  beauty  of  the  Harlot — that  is  her  pre- 
eminent  charm— that  it  is  thai  chains  (',  and 
other  mcrilicious, corrupt  trading  politicians 
to  the  chariot  wheels  and  makes  them  bow 
down  and  worship  al  her  unholy  altars.  It 
enables  them  to  wax  fat  on  other  men's  la- 
bors— it  enables  them  to  sell  their  country 
that  trust  them,  for  office,  pelf  and  power. 


DIALOGUE    II. 

D.  The  last  time  we  wen'  together,  you 
convinced  me  thai  the  tariff  is  unequal  and 
nnjust,  and  against  the  poor  and  in  favor  of 

the  rich.  1  have  been  talking  to  ('  about  it, 
and  he  says  the  tarill  is  unequal,  but  the 
Congress  can't  make  a  lax  law  to  bear 
equally  on  all. 

B.  1  know  they  cannot  if  they  do  not  try; 
and  I  know  they  will  not  try  until  the  peo- 
ple make  them.  The  tariff  affords  Congress- 
men too  many  opportunities  of  lllling  their 

pockets  and  fattening  their  kin  to  be  given 
up  easily.  Suppose  each  person  in  the 
United  stales  is  requested  to  pay  according- 
ly io  the  amount  of  his  property,  (as  we  do 
in  Georgia;)  will  ii  not  be  just  and  equal? 

1).  1  asked  him  lhat  and  he  agreed  it 
would  ;  but  he  said  the  people  won't  bear 
it. 

B.  The  pooplc!  the  people  :  That  is  al- 
ways the  way  with  your  crafty  Talleyrand 
politicians.  When  they  arc  required  to  do 
something  to  benetfil  the  country  and  guard 
the  Treasury  and  which  they  have  no  mind 
to  do,  they  make   you    believe  they  are  will 

bag,  oil  yes,  very  anxious,  people  know-,  he 
will  if  he  can.  They  all  take  their  leaders 
word  and  believe  the  peopiU  won't.     Who  arc 

tin  i «- > plr  .'  |  am  one,  you  are  one  and  ('  is 
mother.  We  are  willing,  and  bo  arc  all  our 
neighbors.  I  say,  1  am  willing  to  pay  a  lax 
to  suppoii  the  govcrninenl  according  to  my 
ability,  because   I   believe  ii  to  be  fair,  just 

and  equal.     So  ate    \t*\\.  so  is  ('  and  all  our 

neighbors ;  and  -till  he  tells  you  they  won't 

and  you   believe  hill). 

I).  ( '.  -ays  if  we  abolish  the  tariff  and  es- 
tablish \'vcc  trade  and  direct  taXCS,  H 
ernmenl  will  Bend  swarms  of  tax  gathers  to 
vex,  barn  -  and  eal  us  oat,  and  it  w  ill  coat 
a  much  higher  per  cent,  to  collect  direct 
Duces  than  to  colled  duties  on  imports  by 
the  tariff. 

U.  Who  i>  the  government  thai  i- 
cccd  the  pla  /        own  mem- 

/ins  of  Oongre$n.     Now  do  you  think  Judge 
Warner  or  any  other   member   i 
will  recommend  the  Secretary  of  the  i 
ury  to  appoint   a    man  in  hi-  district  to  n  x. 
it    the  \  otera  w  ho  elci  ted 
him  f    Certainly  not;  and  the  Set  n  fcary  will 


•ill  I  lie 

I 

■ 

I.  .' 

.\  ill   l><' 

Vdmil 

I 

\\  ill  !><• 

I)    I  make 

riffdu- 

■|>l<     1  iv 

up  \\  iili  the 

v  idea 

Jo  not 

illy,  no 

ind  tin-  pub- 

.    In  tin 

•rrup 

I    Venn 

of  the 

rvlcea.    < ' 

men  i<> 

■  or  the 
■ '  .  the  other 

in  ii  ii 

■a  much  ho 

■ 
:   "ii    (In  |    Uii      un< 

•  ill*  of 

uld  be 
the    I  nion,  tnd 

■ 
rat  appropi 

.     uld  DO 

■ 
l>    1   think    '.    .•   q   itc   llici  Iv;   but    what 
>  <>ii  think  will 
ceasnry   to  Nippon  an  boi 

'i  only 


nion  of  a  hai  cm 

Ii  ctingwhat  basin  en  done, 

Mr.  .i  ',  the  money  of  the 

country  lictter  In  the  •  I   the  ]h-o|>1<» 

lie  nctetl  on  that  opin- 

liuary  expenses  of  ill 

three  and  :i 

half  million!:,   or  .">0  cents  a  head — for  then 

000,000.    The  popula- 

v  Miii  data. 

ill  nol   to  • 

MMI 

1 1    \  dur  country  has 

Mi 
n  1  the  <  \|><  ns<  -  of  living 
inert 

1  liud  nol  forgotten  it.     Nor  had  I 
ttcn  ihiit  tin'   prolusion,  i  xtravn 
rruplion  ol  the  1  I  Government, 

wiiii  i.  tin  landing  has  more 

than  .niv  Hi  itcd  un«l  produc- 

cd   Hi  "i  c.\|»enditare 

\\  lii>  Ii  muli  •  -  ii-  tin  i   il«'  of 

a  make 
i  i-.ssiiry  ull 
of  money,  and  I  think 

\t  now  a  orth  only   om  half  whal  it 
.  ii.     Thai    would  give  30,000 
Mm  tin-  country  haa    great))  expanded;  I 
Hunk  not  much   faster  than  the  population 
I  deny  that  the  ex- 
ighl   to  in- 
ii  expands.     For  ex- 
ample, our  friend   Win  ally    inn-  t In •'■  pair 
■  -  in  hi-  mill,  at  an    annual  expense 
of  1,00  i  in  -i\  pair 

Id  i -o-t  hun  $3,000;  1  doubt  very  much 
if  it  would  coal  him    1,250;  consequently,  I 
think  I  am  i  irrect   when  1  insist   thai  the 
•  rnment   ought  not  to 
exrr.-.l  :i(t,(N  ,in    1800  to  1810,  thfl 

■  the  public  lands  netti  d  7,000,000,  or 
popululion  was 
about  I  \\  hat  it  i-  now. 

1,000     which  the  land 
ought  to  produce,  every  thing  else  being 
equal     Hut  the  wealth  of  the  country  haa 
d  tenfold.    Bay  only  live  and  mult i- 
niillioii-  two  hundred  thousand  by 
twenty-one  millions  w  hich 
thr  pu  .    I    ought  to  bring,  and  proba- 

iiinually,  it  the  lunds  WOTO 
-old  a-  tin  \  should,  and  not  appropriated  to 
build  K  oh  i  i  to  companies  of 

i ich  -i ■■  I'  would  leave  only  nine 

millions  to  be  raised  by  direct  taxes,  w  hich 
would  boar  very  light  on  thirty  millions  of 
.  owning  twelve  thousand  million-  of 
projH 

I»    Still  C  insista  the  per  cenl   for  collect- 
ing a  ill  be  ji'  aii  r  than  under  the  tariff, and 
.\  ill  rebel. 
i;    v.  -■■  the  expert  ■  -  for  collect- 

as  much  as  ii  is.  had  \\  <•  not  bet 
irr  pay  16  per  can)    for  collecting  ten  or 

.  millions  out  of  pa,  than  to  In: 
ly  lour  million-  collected  fox  nothing?     Hut 


n  ] 


again,  "the  people  will  rebel;''  you  and  I, 
and  all  the  people  of  Georgia  have  been 
paying  a  direet  tax  for  more  than  one  hun- 
dred years,  and  now  they  will  rebel  against 
a  direct  tax. 

D.  How  do  you  mean? 

B.  You  give  in  ami  value  your  property, 
on  oath,  to  the  receiver;  nine  cents  on  the 
$100  is  put  on  it,  you  pay  that,  to  a  collector 
— that  is  ii  (Unci  tax.  Under  the  tariff 
the  man  who  brings  goods  iuto  the  United 
States  pays  a  tax  on  them  of  about  $30  on 
the  $100— they  usually  pass  through  two 
hands  between  the  importer  and  the  farmer, 
aud  each  pays  the  $30  tax  and  the  profits 
on  the  tax,  until  finally,  the  farmer  who 
wears  them  out  pays  it  and  there  it  ends. — 
This  is  an  indirect  tax,  because  the  govern- 
ment gets  by  indirection,  and  the  object  is 
to  cheat  and  swindle  the  people  out  of  more 
taxes  than  an  honest  government  ought  to 

collect. 

D.  Is  that  all?  I  thought  a  direct  tax  a 
monstrous  affair,  and  I  have  been  paying  it 
all  my  life  and  thought  it  right  and  still 
think  it  right. 

B.  There  is  another  important  fact  con- 
nected with  the  question  of  how  much 
money  must  be  raised  to  support  the  gov- 
ernment. If  our  members  will  do  their  du- 
ty and  stand  up  boldly  and  firmly  to  our 
interest,  instead  of  giviug  it  up  to  get  the 
Northern  Democrats  in  power  and  keeping 
them  in  power,  the  government  need  collect 
no  taxes  for  several  years.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  makes  the  receipts  into  the 
Treasury  at  the  close  of  the  political  vear 
1856,  $92,8o0,117,  and  estimates  the  receipts 
for  the  current  year  at  $72,955,310  57,  and  a 
balance  in  the  Treasury  of  $19,850,(i::<;  45, 
making  $92,811,947  02.  Then  the  Presi- 
dent and  Secretary  both  say  the  government 
can  be  carried  on  with  forty-eight  millions 
(I  think  tliirtv  millions  ample!  leaving  Si  l, 
850,626.  This,  with  t lie  receipts  from  the 
sale  of  the  public  lands  will  be  sufficient  for 
three  years  ifthe  Congressmen  are  made  re- 
sponsible. By  a  system  of  direct  taxes;  the 
more  especially  it  it  adds  twenty  to  forty 
millions  from  the  sale  of  custom-houses, 
ware-houses  and  all  oilier  property  of  the 
United  States  connected  with  the  collection 
of  the  tariff  duties.     Recoiled  that,  I  take  it 

fol  granted  the  lands  will  be  sold  if  we  re- 
sort to  direct  taxes,  and  not  give  it  to  com- 
panies o|    rich   speculator;;,  as    of    late  they 

have  l"  en. 

I).  Von  say  the  South  pays  greatly  more 
than  herproportion  of  the  taxes  raised  by 

the    tariff      Now    I    can't    understand   how 

that  can  be,  n  i  ing  the  North*  rn  p<  opls  are 
most  numerous  and  lull  as  extravagant  and 
expensive  in  their  ways  as  we  are.  if  they 
buy  as  much  or  more  of  the  tariffed  goods 

thin  we,  do  they  not  pay  U  linn  li  on  the  ac- 
count oi  the  tariff? 
B.  Certainly   not.    Take  the   Louisiana 


sugar  planter;  and  he  stands  on  the  same 
footing  as  all  the  other  protected  classes. — 
Suppose  he  makes  a  thousand  Ilhds.  sugar 
and  the  government  pays  him  out  of  the 
Treasury  $30  per  Bhd.  premium,  or  thirty 
thousand  dollars,  and  he  consumes  ten 
thousand  dollars  worth  of  goods  tariffed  25 
per  cent  his  tax  Will  be  twenty-live  hun- 
dred dollars;  take  25  hundred  dollars  from 
thirty  thousand  dollars  and  it  leaves  twenty 
seven  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  clear 
gain  to  him  on  the  operation,  and  when  the 
government  taxes  foreign  sugar  so  as  to  en- 
able him  to  sell  it  for  thirty  dollars  per  llhd. 
higher,  it,  is  to  him  just  the  same  as  if  the 
government  gave  him  a  premium  of  $.!0 
per  Hhd.  To  the  sugar  eater  it  makes  great 
odds,  for  when  he  pays  for  the  sugar  and 
tariff  together,  and  it  is  pretty  nearly  equal- 
ly divided — half  a  dollar  for  sugar  and  half 
a  dollar  for  tariff.  It  is  true,  the  poor  and 
middling  classes  North,  unconnected  with 
the  Factories,  and  so  far  from  them  as  to 
be  out  of  their  influence,  suffer  almost  as 
much  injustice  as  we  do;  and  it  is  by  and 
through  them  and  with  their  aid  we  hope  to 
prevail  in  forcing  free  trade  and  direct  taxes 
on  our  rulers,  for  I  tell  you,  we,  the  people, 
must  force  it  on  them.  The  pickings  under 
the  tariff  is  M  f«t  they  hate  to  give  them 
up. 

D.  C  says  the  people  don't  know  what 
taxes  they  pay  under  the  tariff,  and  they 
pay  it  without  grumbling  because  they  don't 
feel  it — that  it  they  had  To  pay  the  same  di- 
rectly out  of  their  pockets  there  would  be 
one  universal  war  about  it. 

B.  And  do  you  not  understand  the  mean- 
ing of  all  that  V  Let  me  explain  it  to  you. 
In  the  first  place,  however,  only  half  is  true. 
It  is  not  true  that  the  people  do  not  feel  the 
effect  of  the  tariff;  they  feel  it  most  griev- 
ously. Suppose  some  person  knock-  you 
down  in  the  dark,  don't  you  feel  it  because 
you  do  not  know  who  did  it ;  a  man  or  a 
woman.  While,  black,  red  or  yellow,  or 
What  with?  So  when  a  poor  man  looses 
.$60  on  his  three  bags  of  cotton  and  pays 
54.}  per  cent  more  for  goods,  ami  on  settling 
day  fall  short  $•"><!,   and    is    sued    before    the 

Justice,  and  the  execution  ^ells  one  ol  Jhis 
two  cows,  and  his  children  cry  for  milk.  I 
think  he  feels  it  if  he  loves  ids  children,  al- 
though he  may  not  know  the  tariff  did  it. or 
when  he  can't  semi  the  little  bright  eyed 
boy  to  school,  that  may  be  God  made  for  the 
highesl  honors,  becau  e  he  is  bare-fool   and 

.  and  the  ice  thick  and  the  wind  Gold. 
1  think  he  feels  il  if  he  loves  his  child.  Hot 
the  people  don't  know  what  they  pay,  and 
pay  it  willingly,  and  if  they  did  know  there 

would  be  a  roar  Now  I  understand  this 
government  is  a  government  ol  the  people 
for  the  benefit  ol  the  people,  ami  the  people 

■able  of  W  ise  -'Il  ;i"\  <  i  line  III  ;  I  think 

I  beard  <  say  all  that  when  he  was  slump- 
ing it   for    (  uii^'ic— .      Now    he    i-   < 


-HI  ' 


:ak<-  «  in  •  : 


will 
l»    1 

made 

- 

know   die 

know, 

I  >     ■  |) 

■  •.1  in   — » 1 1  >  - 
ulcraal   im- 

i:   ]■ 

! 

ii  ill   lite   tarill  i 
i;  inter 

I »    l  • 

tin    CHOI  l;. 

j'<  Mill 
UHtitU- 

(niiiil: 

id    not 

■ 


H    \  i 
quit  'I 

\     i       do  not  mull 

B     I  .v  iial    il 

L    1 
I  '!<•  know,  howt  ..i,   ilial   tin     I  loni 

• 
them  in  dillh-ultlca  and    Iniriic    them 
triumphant  lion  to  Uie   pina 

,. 

imir.li  r  nl 
AIm|  :  V,.n    |, 

mind  in'-,  i.    ■  I 

Id-  built  :i  One 
■Up  :ui.l  named  ii  A 


n  uue.     Why  -  ud  he, 

• 
spell  it.       Well, 
\    -  h-a  don't  spell  A -'..a.  what 

l».   "i  mi  Kiid  the  otlu  r  day  <i"d  made  the 
.  I«\       Wliv  do    you    think 

•or 

1 .         d  so  willed 

and  every  part 

and  portion  o|  this  earth  to  produce  all   the 

■  irlh.       He  would 

••■hi,  rice,    ' 

.  ilea  floari 

■  Id.     He  !, 

three   pafjH 

■  to  nil  the  wants  ol  the  ; 

•  •I"  the  world,  hul  that  each  shall   he  depen- 
nilorts  anil  i 
I  |n\\  ol'  diiiiht 

willed  it,  that  commerce  should  llourish  and 

ind    knnwl- 
.  and    religion,   and    liberty, 
and  pi  .   peo- 

ple.     What  can  i  Teat, 

1 1 1 i -  1 1 1 ■  i ■_: 1 1 i 1 1 1  cut  iieitythaii  u  free, 

tintratnniclcd.    iimuVtl'iH  ted    cotnmt 

Ii  is  promised  the  rhillcnium. 
that  tin  r<  >lctll  b<  pence  on  earth  and  good 
will  to  all  imn.  What  more  pow  erful  agent 
to  this  end  than  free  commerce'  What 
in  t In  folly  of  man 
throw  in  t in-  v.  i\  than  n  war  of   tat 

.in,  turn  to  the  prophecies.      Daniel 

-hall  run  to  and  fro,  and  knowl- 
i  ill  in!  in.  lien,  here    again, 

real  si  rent. 


l»l  \  !.<><;  I  i:    111. 

I).   \\  hen  IiihI  lo  I     ive  you  t<>  un- 

l  thai   1   «a-   with  you   in  favor  of 

I  '  I  Since  then, 

II  in  w  ilh  Mi.   II'  art.      I  L    -i  em-;  to 

tO  the  1  :t  I  ill"  IIS  VOU  ale;  he 

is  vou  do,  thai  it  is  unequal 
and  u  mnpel  -    the  Smith  to  hear 

almosi  all  tin-  (\pciici  -  nl  the  Government  ; 
still,  '  Ii  eli  ;  that 

it  is  lie!  iii  acciirdance  with  the  spirit  oloiir 

inent;    farther,   Hint    commerco  is  a 
i  OUghl  lo  luar  its  full 

proportion  to  the  iuin|>ort  of  the  govern- 
ii  i«iit  that  protects  it."    Now,  1  have  coma 

to  hear  M  hat  yml  Ra\    I"  that. 

B.  That  1  •■.  il  ii    Mr   I  [earl  in  hi-* 

lion,  and  insist  thai  Free  Trade 
and    I '  more  in  accordance 

with  the  npirll  and  intention  of  our  govern- 
ment than  a  ilh    any   other,     <  >ni  -  i 
eminent  of  a  free  people,  and  they  ought  to 
he    left    to    trade     when,    where,    and    with 

whom  they  please:  without  fee  or  reward, 
tax  or  turilf.  Again:  our  government  is  a 
government  of  the  people  (bribe  benefit  of 


[9] 


the  people;  made   "to  establish  justice  and 
ire  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  us  and  our 
xity."    What    government    can   carry 
out  that  purpose  belter  than  one  which  ex- 
tends to  each   and   every   citizen    the  same 
rights,  immunities  ami  privileges,  and  exacts 
from  each  according  to  his  ability,  the  same 
restraints,    duties    and     burthens.      1    agree 
with  Mr.  Hearty  that  "commerce  is  a  large 
interest  and  should  bear   it>  full  proportion 
to  thesupportof  the  government  that  pro- 
tects it."  What  is  commerce?  An  exchange 
bf  commodities.     The  commerce  in  cotton 
tJCMHJadJAvccu  I  lie    planter  and    manufacturer, 
I  d|0  ;iml  I  contend  that  when  the'plan- 
n,    twenty  or  thirty  cents  in  the 
dollar  on  i  he  valm   >  >f  his  lands,  negroes  and 
mules  \vi:ii  which   he    makes  his  cotton,  he 
his  lull    proportion  lor  the  support  ol 
iient  that  protects  bis  commerce. 
D.    Faiily    answered;    but    the    Editor    "I 
li,"  (a    lire-eater,  1  believe,)  seems 
to  think  if  a  resort    is  had  to  taxation,  the 
Northern  majority  will  levy  the   whole  tax- 
on  negroes.      What  is  to  prevent  their  doing 
si  •  ? 

;  lit  Constitution.  "No  capitation  or 
other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid  unless  in  pro- 
portion to  the. Census  or  enumeration  herein 
before  directed  to  be  taken."  (Art.  1,  Sec. 
9,  Clause  li  Say  the  government  need 
four  or  five  years  beiK  r, |  remember  we  have 
a  plenty  to  last  thai  long,)  thirty  millions. — 
'The  land  brings  in  fifteen  million-:.  Sup- 
there  be  two  hundred  and  fifty  Repre- 
sentatives, and  her  share  will  be  8-250ths; 
and  if  the  Northern  majority  lavs  all  the 
tax  on  lie:  '       irgia   will    say.  "here  i< 

your  money;"  and  lie  re   i-  a;i  end  to  it. 

1).  But  suppose  the  Governmenl    i 
the  money  from  the  State,  and  send-  her 
rs  i lie  people? 

B.  No  Southern   man  will  accept  the  of- 
;ud   if  the    Northern    majority  sends 
Northern    i  here  under  such  cir- 

cumstances,   we   will  supply  them  with  a 
close  sti(  king  coal  and  a  ride  on  a  rail. 

1).  Well,  agree    Free   Trad,e  and   Direct 
and  all  the  South  iro  for  it, 
j  ou  will  be  out-voted  ami  can't  get  it. 

B.  I  think  you  are  mistaken.  I  believe  il 
all  the  pi  ople  of  the  South  can  be  got  to  see 
the  injustice,  iniquity  and  oppression  <»t'  the 
tariff,  and  the  benefits  of  Free  Trade,  and 
determine  to  have  it,  we  can  force  the 
Northern  people  into  measures.     Indeed,  1 

believe  thai  the  Southern  States  of  li 
federacy  \a  the  strongest  nation  on 
and  if  united  in    a   jusi  cause,    we  can  force 

an\  nation  on  earth  to  accrd  us  justice. 

Commerce  controls  the  world,  and  cotton  is 

king  ol  comiiu  rce;  and  by  n  fusing  to  let  the 

■  es  have  any  of  our  cotton  to  curry  01 

to  spin,  we  can  stan  e  them  into  submission. 

over,  I  In  lie-, e    the  West    >\  ill  be  wi1  li 

ii  r  meat  ami  her  grain   have  within  the 

liar  commodities; 


and  foreign   price  governs  the  market,  and 
the  tariff  effects  their  pork  and  grain  just  as 
ii  effects  our  cotton.     Then,  the  burthened 
masses  North  are  in  the  same  mteres 
ii  is  the  greater  honest  interest  to  li 
great,  patriotic,  national  parly. 


DIALOGUE    1\. 

D.  Well,  B.,  here  is  my  friend  E.,  thai  1 
have  been  talking  to  about  your  notions  of 
Free  Trade,  and  he  says  it  wouldn't  do 
him  any  good.  1  want  you  to  explain  it 
to  him. 

K.  Yes,  your  Direct  Taxation  might  help 
men  that  wear  tine  clothes  and  drink  tine 
brandy  and  such  like,  but  I  don't  do  any  of 
these  things,  and  I  don't  see  how  it  could 
help  me. 

B.  Well,  let  us  sec.  How  much  property 
have  you  got  ? 

E.  Weli,  not,  more  than  four  or  five  hun- 
dred dollars  worth— sav  live  hundred. 

B.  Any  family  ? 

E.  A  wife  and  six  children. 

B,  [  suppose  you  all  eat  something,  and 
sometimes  wear  clothes? 

1"..   ( )f  course  we  do. 

15.  Then  1  can  show  you  that  you  would 
be  greatly  benefitted  by  Free  Trade. 

Sometime  ago   when  1  showed  you  that 
the  government  collected  last  year  sixty  four 
Cents  on    c\cry  hundred    dollars    worth  of 
property  of  the  country,  I  showed  yon 
that  at  thai   rate,   Astor,  who   is  worth  ten 
millions  ol  dollars  and  ought  to  have  paid 
|64,000,  could    not  to  have  paid  more  than 
$5,200;  leaving  $51,500  for  somebody  i 
pa\       Now  I  want  to  show   you  how  mUCll 

of  ii  you  paid.  Al  the  rate  of  sixty  four 
on  the  hundred  dollars,  your  share 
was  three  dollars  and  twenty  cents. 
say  you  do  nol  wear  fine  clothes,  &c;  how 
uiany  blankets  did  you  buy,  and  what  did 
you  pay  for  them  ? 

E.  I  paid  for  blankets  four  dollars  and  a 
half. 

I!.   For  sugar  ? 

i      Twelve  dollars. 

B    Salt? 

E.  Two  dollars. 

B    Molasses? 
-i\  dollars. 

B.  Woollen  clothes? 

i;    I  bought  an  over,  oat   (or  myself,  and 
some  stuff  lor  the   old  lady  and   the  n 
the   family,    I       ppose    about    fifteen  dol- 

B     \ny  silk  dp 

I'.,  i'es ;  one  for  my  oldest  daughter;  the 
in  the  neighborhood   had 

one,  ami  she     mUSt    have    one    too;     but    she 
or  it    with    but!  ,\  chi- 

li. Well,  thai  w  ill  you  do  now      II 
goods  to  the  amount 


I  10  ] 


■ 


I.  li 


nly  oine  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars 
!   -  .    lid   think  it 
- 

I  pay   that   and  mon 
I  tlio  figures;  th< 
.     money  in  gol  I  und  silver, 
•;  paid  more 
sis  tli  in   your  equal    share;   eitb 

'i  •m  ought  in   have  paid  your  lull 
■ 
r<  shown  you  that  the  \>  ry  rich  cannot 
rpiently,  the 
then  theirs; 
reason  wn  many  Indus, 

hard-working  economical    men  ti 

rnment  ge: 
with    1<  >s    than  on    the 

irs. 

P>.    Why  n|  i  .iiir-c  ii 

Mir   pockets  til'  tlK-p^Plfl 
directly,  mi  that  tiny  know   bow  much  rncv 
ill    less  than  half 
;  the  ex 

"i    rather,  they    wo  In  quit 

!■  riii'.r  nnii.i  ;.  as  they  have  been  doiiuj 
II  they  will  quit  giving  the  puMic  lands  to 
incorpi  quit  making 

Improvements 
and 


II  aj  is 


anient, 


i r poses,   and  quit  paying  awaj 
of  to  pay    partisans  and 

they  will  reduce  salaries 
ind  pay  up  got  i  rumen  I  officers  to  a  n 

will  sell   the  public  lands, 
istora  bouses,   and  oilier  public 
rty,  which  is  of  no  use  but  lo  keen  up 
the  1 1 riil.  they  can  raise  money  enough  to 

i  ii  i  mil  t  w  iihout 

pie  8  dollar. 


mill   not  be  sold  In 
luality 

.1  uly,   the  duty    h  > 

•  i  that 

mount 
il  rule,  w 

duly. 
1.      , 


.ill  II.. 

■ 

.v    put 

•  of  the  uii 
1     I 

think  I 


DIALOGUE     V. 

D       "  RrSt       tlllkeil       allollt        lire 

thai    you  lielieved  ii  woul  I 

itton    more    thnn    the 

anion  if.     Why  do  you 

think 

li     I  unin^  and  eon- 

\  ineii  !    fear,  il    I    attempt  to 

.  ill  make  you  tin  '  ol    Pre* 

I  >    N  I  want  io  undi  rstaud  all 

uboal  it.  and  you  talk  so  plain  and  I  under- 
stand !.  I  like  io  listen  to  you;  so 
me, 
I!    In  the  first  place,  Gen.    Betbune  made 
out    a    table   from    the    report  of   the  Sc- 
ot (he   Treasury,   oi    the  quality  of 
Cotton   made,  and   the  average  price  from 
1850,  by    \\  1 1 it-It   it  appears  i  bat  do 
matter  how  large  or  how  small   the  crop 
lien  the  tariff  was  high  Cotton  was 
low,  and  when  the  tariff  was  low   Cotton 
was  high;  but  you  have  seen  all  that  in  the 
$      .  and  I  pan  it  over. 


[  11] 


In  the  second  place,  whatever  decreases 
the  expenses  of  transportation  and  other 
charges  between  different  producers  ex- 
changing their  products,  increases  the  price 
I  of  the  product;  and  free  trade  w'll  produce 
'  a  direct  trade  between  other  countries  and 
our  Southern  ports;  and  we  will  save  the 
expense  of  coastwise  transportation,  dray- 
age,  wharfage,  storeage  and  commission  in 
New  York,  and  the'  transit  tax  which  we 
pay  to  the  State  of  New  York  and  the  city 
of  New  York. 

p.  How  is  that?  Do  we  pay  a  tax  to 
New  York  State  and  citvV 

B-  Certainly  we  do.  The  State  and  city 
both  tax  all  the  goods  landed  there,  and  it  is 
added  to  and  swells  the  price  we  have  to 
pav  for  them. 

D.  But  how  will  free  trade  bring  about 
direct  trade? 

B.  Free  Trade  will  only  re-produce  what 
existed  before  the  high  tariff  of  1810.  When 
1  first  knew  Savannah,  in  1811,  there  were 
ten  or  twelve  importing  houses  there.  Sa- 
vannah is  six  times  as  large  as  it  was  then, 
and  now  there  is  but  one;  and  it  brings  its 
goods  through  New  York  to  Savannah,  and 
all  the  goods  have  have  to  lie  entered  in 
New  York,  because  the  gold  and  silver  to 
pay  the  exorbitant  tariff  can  be  got  no 
where  else.  Last  spring  I  cut  from  a  New 
York  paper,  this  notice: 

"The  import  of  dry  good*  this  week  have 
been  verv  heavy,  exceeding  those  of  the  cor- 
responding week  last  year  1  y  more  than 
three  millions  of  dollars;  the  payment  for 
duties  (the  tariff)  at  the  custom  house  have 
amounted  to  nearly  one  and  a  half  million 
.if  dollars." 

Now  don't  you  know  one  and  a  half  mil- 
lion of  dollars  a  week  can't  be  got  in  any  ol 
our  Southern  cities.  If,  however,  the  goods 
would  .nine  in  tariff  free,  the  merchants  of 
world  would  take  them  direct  to  the 
where  they  are  wanted.  All  the  goods  for 
( larolina  and  Georgia,  and  the  interior  States 
hack  of  us,  would  be  brought  to  Charleston 
and  Savannah,  and  all  the  expense  of  going 
by  New  York  saved.  This  would  make  the 
goods  cheaper  to  us,  and  we  would  get  more 
for  our  produce. 

I).  It  seems  reasonable.  But,  I  interrupt- 
ed you;  I  believe  yon  were  about  to  give 
another  reason  why  free  trade  will  enhance 
the  price  ot  (  otton. 

II.  Ye-,  two  more.  There  are  two  pro- 
positions received  by  political  economists  as 
axiomatic  truths.  '1st.  Those1  who  cannot 
-el!  cannot  buy.  2d.  A  man'-  purchases  are 
not  measured  by  his  wants,  but  by  his  capa- 
city to  purchase,  Now  if  our  government 
restricts  the  sales  of  other  people  to  u-,  it 
acta,  jusl  to  thai  extent,  to  rettrlcl  their  put* 
i  bases  from  us. 

I..  !  us  take  the   article   of  Iron.      1. 
Europe  can  produce  an  immense  quantity, 
and  can  sell  it  very  low.  under  n  system  ■>! 


free  commerce;  because  they  can  sell  an  im- 
mense amount.  And  just  here  I  lay  down 
another  axiom  :  Reduce  the  price  of  any  ar- 
ticle one  half,  and  you  increase  the  con 
sumption  ten-fold.  You  and  I  recollect  that 
when  Nails  were  ten  cents  per  pound,  all 
the  cabins  were  covered  with  weight  poles, 
Nails  tell  to  live  cents,  and  all  the  boards 
were  nailed  on,  and  the  cracks  lined  in  the 
place  of  being  daubed,  and  ten  times  the 
nails  were  used  at  live  as  were  used  at  ten 
cents.  Now  if  we  let  the  Iron  of  Eastern 
Europe  in,  duty  tree,  so  they  can  sell  read! 
ly  all  they  can  make,  it,  will  be  laid  down 
in  Savannah  at  $15  or  $20  per  ton,  and  all 
our  piazza,  yard  and  garden  posts  will  be  of 
iron  when  transportation  is  cheap;  and  the 
Eastern  Europeans  will  buy  six  shirts  in- 
stead of  two,  and  three  outer  suits  instead  of 
one;  and  so  it  will  be  every  product  of  every 
other  people;  the  woollens,  cottons  and 
cutlery  of  England,  the  linens  of  Ireland, 
the  silks,  crapes,  oils,  wines  and  brandies  of 
France,  Spain,  Italy  and  Germany.  They 
would  all  be  able  to  buy,  and  cotton  beimr 
the  cheapest  article  of  clothing  in  the  world 
there  would  not  be  enough  until  all  notable 
to  use  richer  clothingwere  comfortably  clad 
in  cotton.  There  are  10,000,000,000  of  peo- 
ple in  the  world,  and  each  of  6,000,000,000 
would  need  ten  pounds;  it  would  take  12,- 
000,000  bags,  of  500  lbs.  each  to  supply  the 
demand.  We  could  not  produce  it,  and 
cotton  would  rise  until  it  come  in  competi 
tion  with  linens,  silks  and  woollens,  and 
would  range  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five 
cents,  as  it  did  before  the  tariff  of  1819. 

Again,  go  back  to  history.  Cotton  never 
was  less  than  twenty  cents  when  there  was 
open,  uninterrupted,  unrestricted,  free  com 
nierce;  and  if  we  will  return  to  that  «>v[  ol 
i  commerce,  I  can  see  no  reason  why  we  shall 
not  receive  the  same  sort  of  prices,  and  be- 
lieve we  will. 

D.  Your  reasons  seems  good;  still,  the 
point  you  biing  it  to  appears  extravagant — 
too  good  to  lie  true,  and  I  am  afraid  to  be- 
lieve that  Cotton  can  ever  get  to  thirty 
cents. 

R  Why  not  thirty  cents  in  1869  or  I860, 

a-  well  US  ill  1815, '16 and '17!  The  demand 

has  been  encroaching  on  the  supply  rapidly 

for  the  last  ten  years,  and  if  we  establish 
free  trade,  I  am  satisfied  the  demand  will 
double  in  twoyeara 

I).  «»ne  more  question  and  I  will  trouble 
you  no  more,  1  understand  we  have  a  very 
Urge  surplus  in  the  treasury —twenty,  thirty 
or  forty  million-  why  not  stop  all  taxes 
and  tariff  until  that  i-  expended?  and  why 
iy  a  bigll  tariff  to  collect 
more  than  is  wanted  t 

p.   That  is  two  questions  instead  ol  nne, 
but  it  does  not   trouble  me;   l  will  ■ 
them   cheerfully.    First,  hecause  tiny  are 
verv  natural  questions;  si  cond,  becau 

r  will  do  for  both.      I  iry  to 


I  1,<  I 

tin-  L'nion.     They  will  sunvnde* 

mini-   ti  i 

lllAQ 

iiuliou-    surn-iulrrtlu-  injovmrnt  ..f  the  ,. 
:  In-  oilier 


II  ! 


